CSS Animations

CSS allows animation of HTML elements without using JavaScript or Flash!

In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:

* @keyframes
* animation-name
* animation-duration
* animation-delay
* animation-iteration-count
* animation-direction
* animation-timing-function
* animation-fill-mode
* animation

Browser Support for Animations
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Property @keyframes 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-name 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-duration 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-delay 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-iteration-count 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-direction 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-timing-function 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation-fill-mode 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0 animation 43.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 30.0

What are CSS Animations?
An animation lets an element gradually change from one style to another.

You can change as many CSS properties you want, as many times as you want.

To use CSS animation, you must first specify some keyframes for the animation.

Keyframes hold what styles the element will have at certain times.

The @keyframes Rule
When you specify CSS styles inside the @keyframesrule, the animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style at certain times.

To get an animation to work, you must bind the animation to an element.

The following example binds the “example” animation to the

element. The animation will last for 4 seconds, and it will gradually change the background-color of the element from “red” to “yellow”:

Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
from {background-color: red;}
to {background-color: yellow;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

Try it Yourself »

Note: The animation-duration property defines how long an animation should take to complete. If the animation-duration property is not specified, no animation will occur, because the default value is 0s (0 seconds).

In the example above we have specified when the style will change by using the keywords “from” and “to” (which represents 0% (start) and 100% (complete)).

It is also possible to use percent. By using percent, you can add as many style changes as you like.

The following example will change the background-color of the

element when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and again when the animation is 100% complete:

Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
0% {background-color: red;}
25% {background-color: yellow;}
50% {background-color: blue;}
100% {background-color: green;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

Try it Yourself »

The following example will change both the background-color and the position of the

element when the animation is 25% complete, 50% complete, and again when the animation is 100% complete:

Example
/* The animation code */
@keyframes example {
0% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
25% {background-color:yellow; left:200px; top:0px;}
50% {background-color:blue; left:200px; top:200px;}
75% {background-color:green; left:0px; top:200px;}
100% {background-color:red; left:0px; top:0px;}
}

/* The element to apply the animation to */
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
}

Try it Yourself »

Delay an Animation
The animation-delay property specifies a delay for the start of an animation.

The following example has a 2 seconds delay before starting the animation:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-delay: 2s;
}

Try it Yourself »Negative values are also allowed. If using negative values, the animation will start as if it had already been playing for N seconds.

In the following example, the animation will start as if it had already been playing for 2 seconds:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-delay: -2s;
}

Try it Yourself »

Set How Many Times an Animation Should Run
The animation-iteration-count property specifies the number of times an animation should run.

The following example will run the animation 3 times before it stops:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: 3;
}

Try it Yourself »The following example uses the value “infinite” to make the animation continue for ever:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
}

Try it Yourself »

Run Animation in Reverse Direction or Alternate Cycles
The animation-direction property specifies whether an animation should be played forwards, backwards or in alternate cycles.

The animation-direction property can have the following values:

* normal – The animation is played as normal (forwards). This is default
* reverse – The animation is played in reverse direction (backwards)
* alternate – The animation is played forwards first, then backwards
* alternate-reverse – The animation is played backwards first, then forwards

The following example will run the animation in reverse direction (backwards):

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-direction: reverse;
}

Try it Yourself »The following example uses the value “alternate” to make the animation run forwards first, then backwards:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: 2;
animation-direction: alternate;
}

Try it Yourself »The following example uses the value “alternate-reverse” to make the animation run backwards first, then forwards:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
position: relative;
background-color: red;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 4s;
animation-iteration-count: 2;
animation-direction: alternate-reverse;
}

Try it Yourself »

Specify the Speed Curve of the Animation
The animation-timing-function property specifies the speed curve of the animation.

The animation-timing-function property can have the following values:

* ease – Specifies an animation with a slow start, then fast, then end slowly (this is default)
* linear – Specifies an animation with the same speed from start to end
* ease-in – Specifies an animation with a slow start
* ease-out – Specifies an animation with a slow end
* ease-in-out – Specifies an animation with a slow start and end
* cubic-bezier(n,n,n,n) – Lets you define your own values in a cubic-bezier function

The following example shows some of the different speed curves that can be used:

Example
#div1 {animation-timing-function: linear;}
#div2 {animation-timing-function: ease;}
#div3 {animation-timing-function: ease-in;}
#div4 {animation-timing-function: ease-out;}
#div5 {animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;}

Try it Yourself »

Specify the fill-mode For an Animation
CSS animations do not affect an element before the first keyframe is played or after the last keyframe is played. The animation-fill-mode property can override this behavior.

The animation-fill-mode property specifies a style for the target element when the animation is not playing (before it starts, after it ends, or both).

The animation-fill-mode property can have the following values:

* none – Default value. Animation will not apply any styles to the element before or after it is executing
* forwards – The element will retain the style values that is set by the last keyframe (depends on animation-direction and animation-iteration-count)
* backwards – The element will get the style values that is set by the first keyframe (depends on animation-direction), and retain this during the animation-delay period
* both – The animation will follow the rules for both forwards and backwards, extending the animation properties in both directions

The following example lets the

element retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 3s;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}

Try it Yourself »

The following example lets the

element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts (during the animation-delay period):

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 3s;
animation-delay: 2s;
animation-fill-mode: backwards;
}

Try it Yourself »

The following example lets the

element get the style values set by the first keyframe before the animation starts, and retain the style values from the last keyframe when the animation ends:

Example
div {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background: red;
position: relative;
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 3s;
animation-delay: 2s;
animation-fill-mode: both;
}

Try it Yourself »

Animation Shorthand Property
The example below uses six of the animation properties:

Example
div {
animation-name: example;
animation-duration: 5s;
animation-timing-function: linear;
animation-delay: 2s;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
animation-direction: alternate;
}

Try it Yourself »The same animation effect as above can be achieved by using the shorthandanimation property:

Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Add a 2 second animation for the

element, which changes the color from red to blue. Call the animation “example”.

Submit Answer »

Start the Exercise

CSS Animation Properties
The following table lists the @keyframes rule and all the CSS animation properties: